¡à Microscopes - cell structure¸¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â Çй®ÀÎ cytology¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ tool
¢Ñ light microscopes (LMs)
visual light°¡ specimenÀ» Åõ°úÇÔ.
0.2§ (mitochondriaº¸´Ù Á¶±Ý ÀÛÀº °ÍÀÇ °üÂûÀÌ °¡´É, °ÅÀÇ small bacteria±îÁö °üÂû)ÀÇ resolving power¸¦ °¡Áü ¡æ living cell °üÂû °¡´É
¢Ñ MicroscopeÀÇ µÎ°¡Áö important value
¨ç magnification (È®´ë´É) : real size¿¡ ºñ·ÊÇÏ¿© ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â object°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª Å«°¡¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
¨è resolving power (resolution ; ÇØ»óµµ) : imageÀÇ clarityÀÇ Ã´µµ·Î¼ ¾î´À µÎ Á¡À» ±¸ºÐÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ Á¤µµ¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ex. °ÑÀ¸·Î´Â ÇÑÁ¡À¸·Î º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, ÀÚ¼¼È÷ º¸¸é µÎ Á¡ÀÎ °ÍÀ» ºÐº°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤µµ
¢Ñ electron microscope (EM)
- electron beamÀÌ specimen¿¡ focusµÊ
- resolving powerµµ microscope°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â radiation wavelength¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁø´Ù. 0.2§¬ ±îÁö °¡´É. LMs¿¡ 1000¹è
- specimen Áغñ½Ã physical chemical method¿¡ ÀÇÇØ cellÀÌ Á״´Ù.
¨ç Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
- specimenÀÇ thin sectionÀ» ÅëÇØ electron beamÀ» »ç¿ë
- electromagnetics¸¦ focusÇÏ°í charged electronsÀÇ trajectories¸¦ bendingÇÏ¿© image¸¦ magnifyÇÑ´Ù. ¡æ image´Â photographic filmÀ̳ª screen¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³².
- imageÀÇ contrast¸¦ ³ôÀ̱â À§ÇØ ¸Å¿ì ¾ãÀº cellÀ» cell¿¡ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ °÷¿¡ ºÙ´Â heavy metal atomÀ¸·Î stainÇÑ´Ù. ¡æ cellÀÇ internal ultrastructure¸¦ ¿¬±¸
¨è Scaning Electron Microscope (SEM)
- specimenÀÇ surfaceÀÇ detailed study¿¡ À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÊ
- goldÀÇ thin filmÀ¸·Î coatedµÈ sampleÀÇ surface¸¦ electron beamÀÌ scanÇÑ´Ù. ¡æ sample surfaceÀÇ ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÖ´Â electronÀÌ beam¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àڱصǰí ÀÌ secondary electrons´Â ¸ð¾ÆÁö°í screen¿¡ focusµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº specimenÀÇ topographyÀÇ 3Â÷¿ø image¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
¡à cell fraction
- ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ °¢ organells¸¦ µû·Î °¢°¢ ºÐ¸®ÇÏ¿© ±× Çϳª ÇϳªÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ¹àÈ÷´Âµ¥ °¡Àå ±âÃÊÀûÀÎ ´Ü°èÀÌ´Ù.
¡à cellÀÇ ºÐ·ù
¨ç prokaryotic cell (pro ; ÀÌÀüÀÇ + karyote ; ÇÙ)
- nucleus°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
- nucleoid¶ó´Â region¿¡ genetic materialÀÌ ÁýÁߵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, cellÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö ºÎºÐ°ú ÀÌ regionÀ» ³ª´©´Â membraneÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
¨è Eukaryote cell (eu ; ÁøÂ¥ÀÇ + karyote ; ÇÙ)
membranous nuclear envelope¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´ÝÇôÁø true necleus¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â cell
- cytoplasm : cell¿¡ ¿¬°áµÈ membrane°ú necleus »çÀÌÀÇ ¸ðµç region
- cytosol : cytoplasmÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â semifluid medium. prokaryotic cell¿¡´Â ¾ø´Ù.
- eukaryotic cellÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ animal cell
- eukaryotic cellÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ plant cell
¡à cell size
metabolismÀÇ ¼öÇàÀº cellÀÇ size range¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦ÇѵȴÙ. size Ä¿Áú¼ö·Ï volumeµµ ±×¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ°Ô Ä¿Á®¾ß ÇÊ¿äÇÑ metabolismÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ex. prokaryote cellÀÇ ÀÛÀº Å©±â´Â prokaryote »ýÈ°¿¡ ÃÖÀûÀÎ Å©±â¿¡ ÃÖÀûÀÎ volumeÀ» °¡Áø´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, eukaryoteÀÇ °æ¿ì cellÀÇ ±× Å« Å©±â¿¡ prokaryote°°Àº ¼¼Æ÷¶ó¸é ±× Å©±â ¸¸Å metabolismÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ volumeÀÌ ÈξÀ ÁÙ¾îµé°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ºÎÁ·ÇÑ volumeÀ» ¸¸È¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ cell compartment°¡ ÀÌ·ïÁ®¼ ÀÌ ´ÜÁ¡À» ±Øº¹ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
¢Ñ Plasma membrane
- oxygen, nutrient, wastesÀÇ È¿°úÀû Åõ°ú¸¦ ÇÏ´Â selective barrier·Î¼ cellÀÇ Àüü volume¿¡ ´Ã·Á´Â ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
¢Ñ compartmentalization
eukaryotic cellÀÇ compartments´Â specific metabolic functions¸¦ facilitate ÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ local environments¸¦ Á¦°ø ¡æ internal membraneÀº cellÀ» compartments·Î ±¸ºÐÁþ°í cell's metabolismÀÇ »ó´çºÎºÐ¿¡ Á÷Á¢ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ¡æ imcompatibleÀÇ processes´Â ºÐ¸®µÈ subcellular compartments¿¡¼ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô ÁøÇàµÈ´Ù.
¡à Nucleus
cellÀ» controlÇÏ´Â geneÀ» °ÅÀÇ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
- nuclear envelope : protein°ú ¿¬ÇÕµÈ cytoplasmÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ content¸¦ ºÐ¸®ÇÏ¿© nucleuse¸¦ °¨½Î´Â libpid bylayerÀÎ double membrane
- nuclear lamina : nucleusÀÇ shape¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â protein filamentÀÇ netlike array
- chromatin : nucleus »çÀÌ¿¡ DNA¿Í proteinÀÌ organizedµÈ material
- chromsome : ¼¼Æ÷ ºÐ¿½Ã¿¡ °ÇÏ°Ô °üÂûµÇ´Â chromatin condense. chromatinÀÌ ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Å´ëÇÑ molecule
¡à Ribosomes (¶óÀ̺êÁ»)
proteins°¡ ÇÕ¼ºµÇ´Â Àå¼Ò
¨ç free ribosome
- cytosol¿¡ suspendµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
- ¸¸µé¾îÁø proteinÀº cytosol¿¡¼ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. (ex. metabolic, catabolic enzyme)
¨è bound ribosome
- endoplasmic reticulumÀÇ membraneus networkÀÇ outside¿¡ ºÙÀ½
- ¸¸µé¾îÁø proteinÀº membrane¿¡ »ðÀԵǰųª, lysosome °°Àº ¾î¶² organells »çÀÌ¿¡ packagingµÇ°Å³ª cell ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ºÐÃâµÈ´Ù. (ex. digestive enzyme)
¡à Endomembrane system
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ´Ù¾çÇÑ vacuoles, plasma membraneÀ» °¡¸®Å²´Ù.
¡à Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- cicternae¶ó´Â ¸¹Àº tubules¿Í sacsÀÇ network·Î ±¸¼º
- internal compartmentÀÎ cicsternal space¸¦ °¡Á®¼ cytosol°ú ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î ±¸ºÐµÊ.
¨ç smooth ER
- ribosomes°¡ ºÙ¾îÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
- diverse metabolic processes (fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids µîµî)°¡ ÀϾÙ. ex. sex hormones, steroid hormones
- metabolism of carbohydrates.
liver cellÀº glycogen ÇüÅ·Πcarbohydrate¸¦ ÀúÀåÇϴµ¥, smooth ERÀº glycogenÀÇ hydrolysis¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³ª¿Â glucose phosphateÀÇ phosphate¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ¿© blood·Î ³ª°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ¿© Ç÷´ç·®À» Á¶ÀýÇÑ´Ù.
- detoxification of drugs and other poisons
drug¿¡ hydroxyl groupÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀÇ solubility¸¦ ³ô¿© body¿¡¼ compound°¡ flush°¡ ½±°Ô µÇµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ex. sedative phenobarbital
- muscle cell¿¡¼ÀÇ contration À¯µµ
ER membraneÀº cytosol¿¡¼ cisternal space·Î calcium ions¸¦ pumpÇÑ´Ù. ¡æ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é calcium ions¸¦ ºÐÃâÇÏ¿© ±ÙÀ°ÀÇ ¼öÃàÀ» À¯µµÇÑ´Ù.
¨è Rough ER functions
- secretary protein »ý»ê ex. glycoprotein ; transport vesicles (transitional ER)À» ÅëÇØ À̵¿ÇÏ¿© ºÐÃâ
- membrane factory ; phospholipid¸¦ »ý»êÇÑ´Ù.