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   2004-04-29 00:46:11 | Hit : 23430 | Vote : 9245
Subject   Chapter 2. The Chemical Context of Life
¢Ñ matter : organism(À¯±âü)À» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í, °ø°£°ú Áú·®(mass)¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¹°Áú
¢Ñ element : È­ÇйÝÀÀ(chemical reaction)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´Ù¸¥ substrate·Î ÂÉ°³Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Â substrate, °ÅÀÇ atomÀÌ¶ó ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¢Ñ È­ÇÕ¹°(compound) : 2°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ element°¡ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ºñÀ²(fixed ratio)·Î ÇÕÇؼ­(combine) µÈ °Í ex. NaCl (o), H2 (x), H2O (o)
¢Ñ ºÐÀÚ(molecule) : ±×³É 2°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¿øÀÚ°¡ ¼­·Î ºÙÀº °ÍÀ» ÀÇ¹Ì ex. H2 (o), HCl (o), H2O (o)

¡à »ý¸íü¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â 25°³ elements
¢Ñ ¹Ì·® ±¸¼º¿ø(trace element) : ÃÖ¼Ò·®¸¸ ÇÊ¿ä. ex. Fe, iodine ; thyroid gland¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý»êµÇ´Â È£¸£¸ó(hormone)ÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä ¿ä¼Ò(necessary ingredient)
¢Ñ ¿øÀÚ(atom) : matterÀÇ ´ÜÀ§(unit)


¡à Subatomic particles
neutron°ú protonÀº °ÅÀÇ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ mass¸¦ °¡Áü 1.7 ¡¿ 10^-24g
¢Ñ dalton : nertron°ú protonÀº 1 dalton, electronÀº ¹«½Ã


¢Ñ µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò(Isotope) : °°Àº elementÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ atomº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº neutronÀ» °¡Áø atom. Áï, mass°¡ ´õ ¸¹´Ù.

ex. mass°¡ 12ÀÎ C, 13ÀÎ C, 14ÀÎ C ; protonÀÇ ¼ö´Â °°Áö¸¸, neutronÀÇ ¼ö°¡ ´Ù¸£´Ù.

¢Ñ ¹æ»ç¼± µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò(radioactive isotope)
- necleus°¡ °è¼Ó °¨ÅðÇÏ¿© paticle°ú energy¸¦ ¹æÃâÇÏ¿© °á±¹ ´Ù¸¥ atomÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÔ.
ex. radioactive carbon atom ¡æ nitrogen
- tracer·Î À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. metabolism, chemical processing µî¿¡ ÀÌ¿ë

¢Ñ Energy levels
¿ÀÁ÷ electrons¸¸ÀÇ atoms »çÀÌÀÇ È­ÇйÝÀÀ(chemical reactions)¿¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù.
- energy : ÀÏÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·Â
- ÀáÀç¿¡³ÊÁö(potential energy) : matter °¡ ±×°ÍÀÇ positionÀ̳ª location¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀúÀåµÈ energy, necleus¿¡¼­ electronÀÌ ¸Ö¸® ÀÖÀ»¼ö·Ï potential energy°¡ Å©´Ù. electronÀÇ potential energyÀÇ change´Â fixed amountsÀÇ step ¾È¿¡¼­¸¸ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.
- energy level (= electron shells)
atome¿¡¼­ÀÇ electronÀÇ potential energyÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ status.


¢Ñ Electron orbitals
- orbital : ±× ½Ã°£´ë¿¡ electronÀÌ 90% ÀÌ»ó ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â 3Â÷¿ø °ø°£

- the first energy shell¿¡´Â 2°³ÀÇ electron¸¸ ä¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
- the second electron shell¿¡´Â 8°³ÀÇ electron¸¸ ä¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ex.
5°³ ÀüÀÚ¸¦ °¡Áø atomÀÇ °æ¿ì ; 1s 2°³, 2s 2°³, 2px 1°³, 2py 0°³, 2pz 0°³
6°³ ÀüÀÚ¸¦ °¡Áø atomÀÇ °æ¿ì ; 1s 2°³, 2s 2°³, 2px 1°³, 2py 1°³, 2pz 0°³
- ÃÖ¿Ü°û ÀüÀÚ(valence electrons)
atomÀÇ chemical property´Â outermost shell(valence shell)ÀÇ electronsÀÇ °³¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù.
- octet rule ; ÀüÀÚ 8°³¸¦ ä¿ï¶§°¡ °¡Àå ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ »óÅÂ
complete valence shellÀÇ atomÀº unreactiveÇÏ´Ù.
unpaired electronsÀÇ incomplete valence shellÀÇ atomÀº chemically reactiveÇÏ´Ù.
- valence shell¿¡ µ¿ÀÏ °³¼öÀÇ electronÀ» °¡Áø atomÀº ºñ½ÁÇÑ chemical behavior¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ¡æ °¡Àå ¹Ù±ùÂÊÀÇ shell¿¡ÀÇ ÀüÀÚ °³¼ö°¡ ±× ¿øÀÚÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» °áÁ¤


¡à È­ÇаáÇÕ(Chemical bonding)
- chemical bonds : incomplete valence shellÀÇ atomÀº °¢ partnerÀÇ valence shellÀ» completeÇÏ´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ atom°ú interactÇÑ´Ù.

¢Ñ °øÀ¯°áÇÕ(covalent bond)
µÎ atoms¿¡ ÀÇÇØ valence electronsÀÇ pair¸¦ °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °Í
- structural formula : H - H
- molecular formula : H2
- double covalent bond : µÎ°³ÀÇ atoms°¡ valence electronsÀÇ µÎ pairs¸¦ °øÀ¯ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ molecule¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í


¢Ñ Àü±âÀ½¼ºµµ(electronegativity)
covalent bondÀÇ electron¿¡ ´ëÇÑ atomÀÇ attractionÀÇ Á¤µµ¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
Áï, electronegativity°¡ Å©¸é ÀÚ±â ÂÊÀ¸·Î shared electron À» Àâ¾Æ´ç±â·Á´Â ¼ºÁúÀÌ °­ÇÏ´Ù.

¢Ñ ºñ±Ø¼º °øÀ¯°áÇÕ(nonpolar covalent bond)
electrons¸¦ ÆòµîÇÏ°Ô shareÇÑ ±¸Á¶

¢Ñ ±Ø¼º °øÀ¯°áÇÕ(Polar covalent bond)
¾î´À ÇÑ atomÀÇ electronegativity°¡ ´Ù¸¥ atomº¸´Ù Ä¿¼­ bondÀÇ electronÀÌ unequally shareµÇ´Â bondÀÌ´Ù.
ex. oxygen atomÀÇ electronegativity°¡ hydrogen atomº¸´Ù Å©¹Ç·Î partially charge°¡ »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù. oxygen atom°ú hydrogen atomÀÇ electronegativity´Â 1 Á¤µµ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ Àִµ¥, 1 ÀÌ»óÀ̸é polar covalent bond¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
ex. O ÀÇ electronegativity = 3.5 , H ÀÇ electronegativity = 2.1 , N ÀÇ electronegativity = 3.0, S ¿Í C ÀÇ electronegativity = 2.5


¢Ñ À̿°áÇÕ(Ionic bonds)
valence  shell¿¡ ÀüÀÚ¸¦ 8°³¸¸À» À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á´Â ¼ºÁúÀÌ °­ÇÏ¿© ÀüÀÚ Çϳª¸¦ ³»º¸³»°Å³ª ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© positive charge¸¦ ¶ì°Å³ª negative charge¸¦ ¶ì¾î ¼­·Î Àâ¾Æ ²ø¾î´ç°Ü Çü¼ºµÇ´Â bond



¢Ñ ¼ö¼Ò°áÇÕ(Hydrogen bonds)
ÇÑ electronegativity atom¿¡ covalently bondedÇÑ hydrogen atomÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ electronegativity atom¿¡ À̲ø·Á »ý¼ºµÇ´Â bond


¢Ñ ¹Ýµ¥¸£¹ß½º Èû(Van der waals interacton)
nonpolarÇÑ atom³¢¸® ÀÖ´Ù°¡ °©Àڱ⠿µµ°¡ ÇÏ°­Çϰųª ¾î¶² ¿äÀÎÀÌ ¹ß»ý ½Ã¿¡ ¾î´À ÇÑ nonpolarÇÑ atomÀÌ trasient dipoleÀÌ µÇ°í ±× ±Ùó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â nonpolarÇÑ atom ¶ÇÇÑ ±× trasient atom¿¡ ÀÇÇØ inducedµÇ¾î induced dipole µÇ¾î ¼­·Î À̲ø¸®´Â Çö»ó

¡à È­ÇйÝÀÀ(Chemical reaction)
chemical bondÀÇ breaking°ú makingÀº matterÀÇ compositionÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Áï, chemical reaction¿¡¼­ matterÀÇ create³ª destroy°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ rearrange·Î matter´Â À¯ÁöµÈ´Ù.


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