GAPDH
Background Information: GAPDH
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a relatively stable enzyme involved in the second phase of glycolysis. It is generally thought to be present at a constant level in cells, regardless (in most cases) of experimental treatment or technical procedure. For this reason, measurement of GAPDH is generally used as an internal control for experimental error.
IL-1 beta
Background Information: IL-1b/IL-1F2
IL-1 is a name that designates two proteins, IL-1α and IL-1β, that are the products of distinct genes, but recognize the same cell surface receptors. IL-1α and IL-1β are structurally related polypeptides that show approximately 25% homology at the amino acid level. Both proteins are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to stimuli such as those produced by inflammatory agents, infections, or microbial endotoxins.
TNF-alpha
Background Information: TNF-a/TNFSF1A
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), also called cachectin, is produced by many normal and tumor cells in response to a wide variety of stimuli, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, cytokines and mitogens. In solution, TNF-α is a trimeric molecule. Both the transmembrane and the soluble, secreted forms of TNF-α are biologically active. TNF-α is an extremely pleiotropic cytokine due to the ubiquity of its receptors, to its ability to activate multiple signal transduction pathways and its ability to induce or suppress the expression of a wide number of genes.
COX-2
Background Information: COX
Cyclooxygenase (COX), also known as prostaglandin G/H synthase, is a membrane bound enzyme partly responsible for the catalysis of prostanoid synthesis. COX is expressed as at least three different isoforms. COX-1 is constitutively expressed and thought to regulate a number of 'housekeeping' functions such as vascular hemostasis, renal blood flow, and glomerular function. COX-2 expression is tightly regulated and induced by inflammatory mediators such as growth factors, cytokines, and endotoxin. COX-3 appears to be much more strictly regulated spacially and is observed in greatest abundance in cerebral cortex.
MMP-3
Background Information: MMPs (Matrix Metalloproteinases)
Matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs) play important roles in many physiological or pathological processes including embryonic development, morphogenesis, reproduction, tissue remodeling, arthritis, cancer and cardiovascular disease. Membrane-Type MMPs (MT-MMPs) have emerged as an important subgroup. MMPs function in the breakdown of extracellular matrix and in the processing of a variety of biological molecules. MMP activities are regulated at multiple levels such as the activation of proenzymes and via suppression by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).
MMP-9
Background Information: MMPs (Matrix Metalloproteinases)
Matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs) play important roles in many physiological or pathological processes including embryonic development, morphogenesis, reproduction, tissue remodeling, arthritis, cancer and cardiovascular disease. Membrane-Type MMPs (MT-MMPs) have emerged as an important subgroup. MMPs function in the breakdown of extracellular matrix and in the processing of a variety of biological molecules. MMP activities are regulated at multiple levels such as the activation of proenzymes and via suppression by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).
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